在6月15日推出500億美元征稅清單之后,18日,美國再次發(fā)表聲明,威脅將對華制定2000億美元征稅清單,投下一顆貿(mào)易“重磅炸彈”。
美國此舉背離雙方多次磋商共識,傷害中美兩國人民和企業(yè)利益,不僅激起了中國強(qiáng)烈反擊,也在美國政商學(xué)界引發(fā)層層反對聲浪。
專家學(xué)者、企業(yè)高管紛紛對特朗普的貿(mào)易政策表示擔(dān)憂,跟特朗普“擺事實,講道理”。
01
“關(guān)稅猛藥”病不能除,反奪性命
美國前商務(wù)部次長、奧巴馬政府貿(mào)易官員斯蒂芬·賽利格(Stefan M. Selig)在CNBC網(wǎng)站發(fā)表文章,認(rèn)為關(guān)稅這劑猛藥不能治病,反而會要命。
論特朗普貿(mào)易政策的根本性錯誤
其中,賽利格引用了一個十分有趣的比喻:特朗普政府和其支持者都會把特朗普的貿(mào)易政策比喻為“抗生素”(antibiotic):
They present Trump's trade agenda as an antibiotic. The side-effects may be unpleasant, but the infection will likely be eliminated.
他們將特朗普的貿(mào)易政策比作抗生素,期間雖然可能會有些令人不適的副作用,但最終仍會藥到病除。
然而,賽利格表示,能說這話的人,很明顯是沒看到這“副作用”有多明顯,才站著說話不腰疼。
雙語君(微信ID:Chinadaily_Mobile)帶你一起看看都有哪些“副作用”:
? 經(jīng)濟(jì)不穩(wěn)定阻擋投資、影響全球經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展
The first quarter of 2018 saw the VIX index, which measures volatility in the equity markets, increase by an astonishing 81 percent, where $2 trillion of U.S. market cap evaporated over the course of one ten-day period. Markets have added and shed as much as 2 percent of aggregate market value in multiple trading days.
先來看看VIX指數(shù),這是衡量股票市場波動的一種指數(shù),2018第一季度,VIX指數(shù)飆升81%,令人震驚,2萬億美國市場資金在10天之內(nèi)憑空蒸發(fā)。在多個交易日內(nèi),股市跌跌漲漲,價值達(dá)到總市值的2%。
Meanwhile, both the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) warned that a brewing global trade war could weaken the synchronous global growth we are experiencing.
與此同時,國際貨幣基金組織和經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與發(fā)展組織都警告稱:這場發(fā)酵中的貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)將削弱當(dāng)前的全球同步增長。
This proves what dealmakers have always known: that volatility and uncertainty are the enemies of capital formation, and a trade agenda that engenders such volatility and uncertainty will curtail or at the very least postpone investment.
這證明了交易者一直都懂的一個規(guī)律:波動性和不確定性不利于資本形成。所以,一個引發(fā)波動和不確定性的貿(mào)易政策,會縮減或至少延緩?fù)顿Y。
? 制造業(yè)將丟7萬飯碗
Up to 70,000 net jobs in manufacturing are projected to be lost due to steel and aluminum tariffs. And by jeopardizing access to global markets, the ongoing brinksmanship will directly undercut American manufacturing by increasing the price of the foreign inputs, including steel inputs, that our factories rely on to create internationally competitive finished goods, while threatening our status as the world's leading exporter of services and capital goods.
據(jù)預(yù)計,針對鋼鐵和鋁的關(guān)稅政策,將使美國失去多達(dá)7萬個制造業(yè)凈工作。此外,目前施行中的邊緣政策讓美國進(jìn)入國際市場越來越難,這直接削弱了美國的制造業(yè),因為我們一直依賴鋼鐵來生產(chǎn)具有國際競爭力的成品,而外國輸入的產(chǎn)品,包括鋼鐵的價格又上漲了。這樣一來,美國作為世界領(lǐng)先的服務(wù)與資本貨物出口大國的地位也岌岌可危。
The forgotten Americans President Trump pledged to pay attention to—notably farmers and manufacturing workers—are precisely the people who will be hurt the most.
特朗普總統(tǒng)曾經(jīng)承諾會關(guān)注那些被遺忘美國人,尤其是農(nóng)民和制造業(yè)工人,如今,這些人恰恰成為了損失最為慘重的一群人。
文章稱,這些都反應(yīng)了美國貿(mào)易政策的根本性錯誤:他只著眼關(guān)稅卻忽視全球貿(mào)易規(guī)則。
This ignores the fact that these trade deficits are not the direct result of trade policy, but of the dollar serving as the global currency of choice, the impact of countries' savings and investment rates, and our reliance on foreign capital to make up the difference between what we save and what we spend.
他忽視了貿(mào)易逆差不是貿(mào)易政策的直接原因,而是美元作為全球貨幣選擇,美國國內(nèi)存款和投資率的影響,以及美國用外部投資來平衡支出和存款所產(chǎn)生的依賴。
最后,賽利格表示,特朗普的貿(mào)易政策真是應(yīng)了句老話:
If the disease doesn't kill you, the cure surely will.
如果疾病沒能要了你的命,那你吃的藥鐵定會。
02
自由貿(mào)易才是最優(yōu)解
美國喬治梅森大學(xué)莫卡特斯中心高級研究員維羅妮卡·德·魯吉(Veronique de Rugy)在《紐約時報》發(fā)表的文章更是直接指出,降關(guān)稅才是明智之舉:
為什么美國應(yīng)該降下所有關(guān)稅
特朗普的“關(guān)稅猛藥”不止針對中國,也針對了不少其他國家,其中就包括美國親密鄰居兼好友加拿大。
文章表示,美國在關(guān)稅上的“漫無目的”和“毫無意義”的無理取鬧應(yīng)該停止:
The United States should stop the scattershot, pointless nonsense on tariffs and go the other way, and hard: It should drop all tariffs, even if the rest of the world doesn’t follow.
美國在關(guān)稅問題上漫無目的、毫無意義的無理取鬧該停止了,它應(yīng)該堅決地走另一條路:降低所有的關(guān)稅,即便其他國家沒有采取相同措施,也應(yīng)如此。
為了講明白自由貿(mào)易的重要性,這位高級研究員搬出了亞當(dāng)·斯密等經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的理論……
Economists since Adam Smith have understood that free trade is the best policy. Studies show that countries with freer trade have both higher per-capita incomes and faster rates of productivity growth.
亞當(dāng)·斯密以來的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家都認(rèn)為自由貿(mào)易是最好的政策。有研究表明,貿(mào)易更自由的國家,人均收入更高,勞動生產(chǎn)率增長更快。
Economists have also long understood that barriers to trade, while pitched as a way to help domestic workers, always heavily penalize domestic consumers.
經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們也早就知道,貿(mào)易發(fā)展的障礙,即關(guān)稅,其初衷是幫助國內(nèi)工人,卻總會嚴(yán)重?fù)p害國內(nèi)消費(fèi)者的利益。
這對特朗普政府來說也是一樣的道理:
The same is true of Mr. Trump’s steel tariffs. Claiming that they protect a vital industry and its 140,000 workers, tariff supporters never mention how much harder they make things for the 6.5 million manufacturing workers in steel-consuming industries. Add to that number all of us who consume goods made of steel, and you get an even larger figure.
所以,特朗普對鋼征稅也是同樣的道理。關(guān)稅支持者們聲稱政府保護(hù)了一個重要產(chǎn)業(yè)及其14萬工人,卻從不告訴你,那些以鋼鐵為生的產(chǎn)業(yè)的650萬制造工人日子有多難過。對了,還要加上我們所有購買鋼鐵消費(fèi)品的消費(fèi)者,這個數(shù)值只會越來越大。
如果反其道而行之,關(guān)稅將會抬高成品價格,對美國企業(yè),以及相關(guān)行業(yè)的就業(yè)帶來沉重打擊。
舉個例子來看:
Consider a domestic company that imports specialty European steel not produced in the United States. Thanks to the tariffs, this company faces an instant 25 percent price increase. It will shift some of that cost onto its customers, making the final product more costly and thus less competitive at home and globally. Or the company might shift manufacturing abroad to gain access to cheaper materials.
設(shè)想一個美國公司主要進(jìn)口歐洲特產(chǎn)的鋼鐵,這種鋼鐵在美國是沒有的。由于關(guān)稅增加,這家公司馬上要面臨25%的價格上調(diào)。這一費(fèi)用的一部分就轉(zhuǎn)移到了消費(fèi)者身上。這樣做的結(jié)果就是,最終的成品價格更高,無論是在國內(nèi)還是國際市場,產(chǎn)品的競爭力都有所下降。公司也有可能把生產(chǎn)部門轉(zhuǎn)移到國外以便獲得更便宜的生產(chǎn)材料。
In both cases, the company probably takes a hit and might even lay off American workers. That’s what happened in the aftermath of President George W. Bush’s 2002 tariffs to the tune of 200,000 jobs lost in steel-consuming industries.
無論是哪種情況,公司都有可能遭受打擊,甚至進(jìn)行裁員。小布什2002年發(fā)布關(guān)稅政策之后,就出現(xiàn)了這樣的災(zāi)難,鋼鐵消耗行業(yè)失去了高達(dá)20萬的工作崗位。
03
引發(fā)美國商界廣泛擔(dān)憂
除了專家學(xué)者外,特朗普的貿(mào)易政策在商界也引發(fā)了明顯的擔(dān)憂。不少美國企業(yè)高管就對其貿(mào)易政策表示批評。
UBS集團(tuán)首席執(zhí)行官:我非常擔(dān)心特朗普的對華貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)走向失控
他表示,美國將面臨可能來自任何一方的貿(mào)易威脅:
"I'm really worried that ... these things are going to get out of control. Somebody is going to announce something that then triggers a more serious issue," Ermotti said, stressing trade risk "could come from any side, Europe, U.S., China; you name it."
“我真的擔(dān)心事情會走向失控。怕某些人(指美國政府)再宣布一些政策,引發(fā)更嚴(yán)重的問題。”埃爾莫提說,他強(qiáng)調(diào),貿(mào)易威脅“可能來自任一方”,“歐洲、美國、中國,各種”。
摩根大通首席執(zhí)行官杰米·戴蒙在本月月初也曾表示,特朗普的貿(mào)易政策對經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇來說是“藥膏里的一只蒼蠅”。
摩根大通首席執(zhí)行官杰米·戴蒙
JPMorgan Chase CEO Jamie Dimon said the economy could continue to expand for one to three years but the Trump administration's trade policies are one of the "flies in the ointment" that could hurt growth.
摩根大通首席執(zhí)行官杰米·戴蒙表示,美國經(jīng)濟(jì)在接下來的一年到三年還將繼續(xù)增長,但是,特朗普政府的貿(mào)易政策就像“藥膏里的蒼蠅”,將會破壞這種增長趨勢。
這兩位CEO的擔(dān)憂并非個例。6月8日,美國商業(yè)內(nèi)幕新聞網(wǎng)站發(fā)布了一項最新調(diào)查的相關(guān)消息,調(diào)查名稱是“商業(yè)圓桌會議首席執(zhí)行官經(jīng)濟(jì)展望調(diào)查”(Business Roundtable CEO Economic Outlook survey),這是對美國大型公司CEO進(jìn)行的一項季度調(diào)查。
調(diào)查顯示,在回答了貿(mào)易相關(guān)問題的CEO中,對特朗普的貿(mào)易政策表示擔(dān)憂的可謂數(shù)量驚人:
? 95% said "foreign trade retaliation leading to lower US exports" is a moderate or serious risk to the US economy.
95%的CEO表示“外國貿(mào)易反擊導(dǎo)致美國出口減少”會對美國經(jīng)濟(jì)構(gòu)成中等或者嚴(yán)重的風(fēng)險。
? 91% said "higher costs of imports for U.S. consumers" is a risk.
91%的CEO表示“對美國消費(fèi)者更高的進(jìn)口商品價格”會構(gòu)成一種風(fēng)險。
? 90% said "higher input costs for U.S. businesses" was a risk.
90%的人說“對于美國公司來說,更高的進(jìn)口費(fèi)用”會構(gòu)成一種風(fēng)險。
? 89% said "lower U.S. economic growth" was a risk.
89%的人說“美國經(jīng)濟(jì)增長放緩”會構(gòu)成一種風(fēng)險。
編輯:李雪晴 左卓
實習(xí)生:李美萱